Southern Colonies > Province of Maryland

Province of Maryland

Background

The Province of Maryland played an important role during the American Revolutionary War, contributing significantly to the Patriot cause through political leadership, military engagement, and economic support. Here is an overview of Maryland's involvement in the Revolutionary War:

Political Significance:

1. Early Resistance:

   • Maryland's resistance to British policies began with opposition to the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767. Marylanders participated in widespread protests and boycotts of British goods.
   • The Annapolis Convention, a series of meetings held from 1774 to 1776, coordinated Maryland's response to British actions and aligned the colony with the growing revolutionary movement.

2. Maryland's Delegates:

   • Maryland sent influential delegates to the Continental Congress, including Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton. These men played crucial roles in the debates and decisions leading to independence.
   • Charles Carroll of Carrollton was the only Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence, highlighting Maryland's religious diversity and commitment to the revolutionary cause.

3. Maryland's Constitution:

   • In 1776, Maryland adopted a new state constitution, establishing a government based on republican principles. This document reflected the colony's commitment to self-governance and independence from British rule.

Military Activities:

1. Forming the Maryland Line:

   • Maryland organized several regiments, known as the Maryland Line, to serve in the Continental Army. These troops became known for their discipline and effectiveness in battle.
   • The Maryland Line played a crucial role in many significant battles, including the Battle of Long Island, where their actions helped cover the American retreat, earning them the nickname "Maryland 400."

2. Key Battles and Engagements:

   • Battle of Long Island (1776): The Maryland Line's bravery and sacrifice during the retreat allowed the Continental Army to escape a potential disaster.
   • Battle of Camden (1780): The Maryland troops fought valiantly but were ultimately defeated by British forces. Their resilience in battle continued to earn them respect.
   • Southern Campaigns: Maryland troops were instrumental in the Southern campaigns, fighting alongside Nathanael Greene in battles such as Cowpens and Guilford Court House, contributing to the eventual American victory in the South.

3. Local Defense and Skirmishes:

   • Maryland also faced internal conflicts and skirmishes between Patriots and Loyalists. Local militia units were formed to protect the colony from British raids and maintain order.
   • Fort Frederick, a key defensive position, was used to house British prisoners of war, highlighting Maryland's strategic importance.

Economic and Social Impact:

1. Economic Contributions:

   • Maryland's economy was heavily based on agriculture, particularly tobacco. During the war, the colony adapted to disruptions in trade by focusing on self-sufficiency and supporting the war effort.
   • Baltimore emerged as a significant port and center for privateering. Maryland privateers captured British ships, disrupting supply lines and boosting the Patriot cause.

2. Social Changes:

   • The war brought about significant social changes in Maryland. The ideals of liberty and equality began to influence attitudes towards slavery, although substantial changes would not occur until later.
   • The participation of diverse religious groups, including Catholics, in the revolutionary movement reflected Maryland's unique religious tolerance and diversity.

Key Figures from Maryland:

• Charles Carroll of Carrollton: As a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Carroll was a prominent advocate for independence and a key political leader.
• John Eager Howard: A distinguished officer in the Continental Army, Howard played a significant role in the Southern campaigns, including the Battle of Cowpens.
• Thomas Johnson: Maryland's first elected governor and a key supporter of the revolutionary cause, Johnson contributed to the state's political and military efforts.

Post-War Period:

1. Economic Recovery:

   • After the war, Maryland focused on rebuilding its economy. The state diversified its agricultural base and developed manufacturing industries.
   • Improvements in infrastructure, such as roads and canals, facilitated trade and economic growth, with Baltimore becoming a major commercial hub.

2. Political Development:

   • Maryland ratified the U.S. Constitution on April 28, 1788, becoming the seventh state to join the Union. The state's leaders continued to play influential roles in the new federal government.
   • The principles of self-governance and republicanism established during the war continued to shape Maryland's political landscape.

Legacy:

• Military Valor: The bravery and effectiveness of the Maryland Line in key battles contributed significantly to the overall success of the Continental Army.
• Political Leadership: Maryland's leaders were instrumental in the drive for independence and the establishment of the United States, influencing the nation's foundational documents and principles.
• Economic Adaptation: Maryland's ability to adapt its economy during the war and its subsequent recovery demonstrated resilience and resourcefulness.

The Province of Maryland's role in the American Revolutionary War was marked by significant political, military, and economic contributions. The state's leaders and citizens were deeply involved in the fight for independence, and their efforts helped shape the future of the United States.

Thirteen Colonies

Sources

Primary Sources

Secondary Sources

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 17