Thirteen Colonies > Middle Colonies > Province of Pennsylvania

Province of Pennsylvania

Background

The Province of Pennsylvania played a pivotal role in the American Revolutionary War due to its political significance, strategic location, and economic resources. As one of the most populous and prosperous colonies, Pennsylvania was a center of revolutionary activity and a key battleground. Here is an overview of Pennsylvania's involvement in the Revolutionary War:

Political and Social Context:

1. Founding and Diversity:

   • Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn in 1681 as a haven for Quakers and other religious groups seeking freedom from persecution. The colony was known for its religious tolerance and diverse population, including Quakers, Germans, Scots-Irish, and others.

2. Political Influence:

   • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's largest city, was a major cultural and political center. It was the site of the First and Second Continental Congresses and the home of influential leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and John Dickinson.

Key Events and Contributions:

1. Continental Congresses:

   • The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in 1774 to address colonial grievances against British policies. The Second Continental Congress convened in 1775 and ultimately declared independence from Britain on July 4, 1776.
   • The Declaration of Independence, drafted primarily by Thomas Jefferson, was adopted in Independence Hall, making Philadelphia the birthplace of American independence.

2. Military Contributions:

   • Pennsylvania provided substantial troops and supplies to the Continental Army. The Pennsylvania Line, a group of regiments from the state, played crucial roles in various battles throughout the war.
   • Notable Pennsylvanians, such as General Anthony Wayne, made significant contributions to the Patriot cause.

Key Battles and Events:

1. Battle of Brandywine (September 11, 1777):

   • The Battle of Brandywine was a major engagement between British forces under General Sir William Howe and the American army led by General George Washington. The battle took place near Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania.
   • Despite the American defeat, the battle demonstrated the resilience of Washington's army and delayed the British advance on Philadelphia.

2. Occupation of Philadelphia (1777-1778):

   • Following the Battle of Brandywine, British forces captured Philadelphia, the American capital, on September 26, 1777. The occupation disrupted the Continental Congress, which relocated to York, Pennsylvania.
   • The British occupation lasted until June 1778, during which time American forces conducted guerrilla operations and skirmishes to harass the British.

3. Winter at Valley Forge (1777-1778):

   • The Continental Army, led by General Washington, encamped at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, during the harsh winter of 1777-1778. The army faced severe shortages of food, clothing, and shelter, leading to significant hardship.
   • Despite these challenges, Valley Forge was a turning point for the Continental Army. Under the training and discipline imposed by Baron von Steuben, the army emerged as a more effective fighting force.

4. Battle of Germantown (October 4, 1777):

   • The Battle of Germantown was an attempt by Washington's forces to recapture Philadelphia from the British. Although the Americans were ultimately repelled, the battle demonstrated their growing confidence and tactical skills.

5. Battle of Paoli (September 20, 1777):

   • Also known as the "Paoli Massacre," this battle involved a surprise night attack by British forces on American troops led by General Anthony Wayne near Paoli, Pennsylvania. The brutal attack resulted in significant American casualties and highlighted the ferocity of the conflict.

Economic and Social Impact:

1. Economic Disruption:

   • The war caused significant economic disruption in Pennsylvania. Philadelphia's occupation affected trade and commerce, while rural areas faced shortages and requisitions of supplies.
   • The colony's agricultural productivity and manufacturing capabilities, however, were crucial in supporting the Continental Army and the broader war effort.

2. Social Changes:

   • The war brought about social changes in Pennsylvania, including shifts in attitudes toward slavery. Pennsylvania passed the Gradual Abolition Act in 1780, making it one of the first states to begin the process of abolishing slavery.
   • The conflict also fostered a sense of unity and purpose among the diverse population, contributing to the development of a collective American identity.

Aftermath and Legacy:

1. Political Development:

   • After the war, Pennsylvania continued to play a vital role in the new nation's political development. The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787, resulting in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.
   • Pennsylvania ratified the Constitution on December 12, 1787, becoming the second state to join the Union.

2. Economic Recovery:

   • Post-war, Pennsylvania quickly recovered and continued to grow as an economic powerhouse. Philadelphia remained a central hub for trade, finance, and culture.
   • The state's agricultural and industrial sectors expanded, contributing to the economic foundation of the new United States.

Legacy:

1. Cradle of Liberty:

   • Pennsylvania, particularly Philadelphia, is often referred to as the "Cradle of Liberty" due to its central role in the birth of the United States. Key events, such as the signing of the Declaration of Independence and the drafting of the Constitution, underscore this legacy.
   • Historic sites like Independence Hall, Valley Forge, and the Liberty Bell continue to attract visitors and serve as symbols of American independence and resilience.

2. Influence on American Values:

   • The principles of religious tolerance, diversity, and democratic governance that characterized Pennsylvania played a significant role in shaping American values and the national ethos.
   • Figures like Benjamin Franklin, with his contributions to science, politics, and philosophy, left a lasting impact on American culture and thought.

Conclusion:

The Province of Pennsylvania's involvement in the American Revolutionary War was marked by its political leadership, military contributions, and the resilience of its people. The state's strategic location and vibrant economy made it a focal point for revolutionary activity and a key battleground. Pennsylvania's legacy as the birthplace of American independence and its contributions to the founding of the United States continue to be celebrated and remembered as essential elements of American history.

Thirteen Colonies

Sources

Primary Sources

Secondary Sources

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 21