New York & New Jersey Campaign > Crossing the Delaware River

Crossing the Delaware River

Background

Washington's Crossing of the Delaware River, which took place on the night of December 25-26, 1776, is one of the most iconic events of the American Revolutionary War. This daring maneuver led to a surprise attack on the Hessian forces stationed in Trenton, New Jersey, and marked a significant turning point in the American fight for independence.

Background:

1. Strategic Context:

   • The American Continental Army, led by General George Washington, had suffered a series of defeats and was retreating through New Jersey. Morale was low, and enlistments were about to expire.
   • To revive the American cause and regain the initiative, Washington planned a bold attack on the Hessian garrison in Trenton, New Jersey, which was a key outpost for the British forces.

2. The Plan:

   • Washington's plan involved a surprise night crossing of the ice-choked Delaware River, followed by a swift march to Trenton to catch the Hessians off guard.
   • The plan required precise coordination and secrecy to ensure the element of surprise. Washington's forces were divided into three groups, with his main force of about 2,400 men crossing at McConkey's Ferry.

The Crossing:

1. Preparations:

   • The crossing was meticulously planned, with artillery and provisions prepared for the difficult journey. The soldiers were issued extra rations and flints for their muskets.
   • Colonel John Glover's Marblehead Regiment, experienced in maritime operations, played a crucial role in ferrying the troops across the river using Durham boats and other vessels.

2. The Crossing:

   • On the night of December 25, 1776, despite a fierce winter storm with snow, sleet, and high winds, Washington's forces began the crossing. The conditions were treacherous, with chunks of ice floating in the river.
   • The crossing took longer than anticipated, with the last soldiers reaching the New Jersey side around 3:00 AM on December 26. Despite the delays, the element of surprise was maintained.

The March to Trenton:

1. The Advance:

   • After successfully crossing the Delaware, Washington's forces began their nine-mile march to Trenton. The weather was brutal, and many soldiers were ill-equipped for the harsh conditions.
   • The troops marched in two columns, with General John Sullivan leading one column and General Nathanael Greene leading the other. Artillery, commanded by Colonel Henry Knox, accompanied the troops.

2. Surprise Attack:

   • Washington's forces reached the outskirts of Trenton around 8:00 AM on December 26. The Hessians, commanded by Colonel Johann Rall, were caught off guard, having been unaware of the impending attack.
   • The Americans launched a coordinated assault, with artillery opening fire and infantry advancing into the town. The Hessians attempted to organize a defense but were overwhelmed by the surprise and intensity of the attack.

The Battle of Trenton:

1. Engagement:

   • The battle lasted about 90 minutes. The Hessians, numbering around 1,400, were quickly outmaneuvered and outflanked by the American forces.
   • Colonel Rall, the Hessian commander, was mortally wounded in the fighting. The Hessians attempted to regroup but were forced to surrender.

2. Outcome:

   • The American victory at Trenton was decisive. The Hessians suffered approximately 22 killed, 92 wounded, and nearly 1,000 captured. The Americans had minimal casualties, with only a few soldiers wounded and two who froze to death during the march.

Aftermath and Impact:

1. Boost to Morale:

   • The victory at Trenton was a significant boost to American morale. It revitalized the Continental Army and encouraged re-enlistments and new recruits.
   • Washington's bold leadership and the successful execution of the plan demonstrated the resilience and determination of the American forces.

2. Strategic Consequences:

   • The victory disrupted British plans and forced them to reconsider their strategy in New Jersey. It also set the stage for subsequent American victories at the Battle of Princeton and the campaign that followed.
   • The success at Trenton helped to solidify support for the American cause both domestically and internationally.

Significance:

• Tactical Brilliance: Washington's Crossing of the Delaware and the subsequent Battle of Trenton are celebrated for their boldness and tactical brilliance. The operation showcased Washington's leadership and the effectiveness of surprise and mobility in warfare.
• Turning Point: The victory at Trenton marked a turning point in the Revolutionary War. It demonstrated that the Continental Army could achieve significant victories, even against professional European troops, and it revitalized the American war effort.
• Symbol of American Resolve: The crossing and victory at Trenton became enduring symbols of American resolve, ingenuity, and perseverance. It remains one of the most iconic moments in American military history.

Washington's Crossing of the Delaware River is remembered as a daring and pivotal maneuver that significantly altered the course of the American Revolutionary War, showcasing the determination and strategic acumen of the Continental Army.

New York & New Jersey Campaign Battles

• Ambush of Geary
• Battle of Fort Lee
• Fort Washington
• Battle of Harlem Heights
• Battle of Iron Works Hill
• Battle of Long Island
• Battle of Millstone
• Battle of Pell's Point
• Battle of Princeton
• Battle of the Assunpink Creek
• Battle of Trenton
• Battle of White Plains
• Crossing the Delaware River
• Forage War
• Great Fire of New York
• Landing at Kips Bay
• Staten Island Peace Conference

Sources

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